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12-OA-1

Desirable and undesirable behaviours of coaches ..

Yoshioka M, Ito M

Nippon Sport Science University,Japan

Coach-athlete relationship is one of the important factors in effective coaching and has been reported to affect athlete's performance and the sense of well-being. There have been quite a large number of coach's mal-behaviours, including corporal punishments and verbal abuses, reported recently in Japan. When evaluating coach's behaviours, it is important to include athletes' perceptions as well. In the present study, desirable and undesirable behaviours of coaches, perceived by 108 collegiate students in the past (either experienced, heard, or observed) were collected using an on-line questionnaire. This questionnaire was conducted anonymously, in a free response format. The participants were asked to write at least 5 items in each of desirable and undesirable behaviours. As a result, 604 and 599 items were collected for desirable and undesirable behaviours, respectively. These items were then analysed qualitatively to form categories in which items with similar meanings were gathered. These results would be useful for coaches to modify their coaching behaviours. In researches such as systematic observation, the yielded categories can be used to evaluate coaches.
Key words: Mal-behaviours, qualitative analysis, questionnaire

12-OA-2

A Comparison of Expert and Beginner Strength and Conditioning Coaches Behaviour

Fujino K, Yamauchi R, Ito M

Nippon Sports Science University, Japan

Strength and Conditioning (S&C) coach is responsible for improving athlete's athletic performance by various training (e.g. weight training). Most studies conducted in the strength and conditioning domain focus on 'What to do' rather than 'How to do', and not many studies have conducted on how S&C coaches practice their training sessions. Depending on how coaches act, athletes achieve many aspects of outcomes (Cote, 2010; Bartholomew et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to observe and compare behavioural differences between expert and beginner S&C coaches. In this study, a systematic observation approach was selected to elucidate expert and beginner coaches' behavioural differences. Modified Arizona State University Observation Instrument (ASUOI) developed by Massey et al (2002) was used in this study. Two S&C coaches, 1 expert and 1 beginner coaches, were observed. Three sessions were observed for each coach and 40 minutes fundamental training sessions, excluding warm-up and cool-down part were videotaped for more accurate coding of behaviour. Checks for interobserver agreement were made at the end of the research. There were some behavioural differences between expert and beginner coaches. These findings would help to develop beginner coaches' skills.
Key words: Strength and Conditioning, Coaching, Systematic observation

12-OA-3

the Physical Fitness Level and Participation in Sports activities..

M.D.M.D.Wijesinghe , Walter Senevirathne

Department of Education,Faculty of Arts,University of Peradeniya,Sri Lanka

Irregular participation for physical fitness program is appeared in the most of the teacher trainees in the National college of education in Sri Lanka. It was further revealed and identified that the main reason for this was their lack of understanding about this program. Among them some students had irregular participation while the others shows long term absence . Due to this reason they were very lethargic in studies and it was very difficult to develop their skills &attitudes those students were at a disadvantage of getting low marks in college system. In order to carry out the action research first selected a sample .The sample consisted of 25 prospective teachers. Data were collected through a baseline questionnaire, participant observation, survey on field based physical fitness test ( selected test items from National Physical Fitness Test Battery, India). Categorized the trainees into 4 groups by their participation for the sports programs. Group 1 -The trainees who have engaged in physical activities only in the teacher training college ,Group 2 -The trainees who have engaged in physical activities from the childhood and in teacher training college, Group 3 -The trainees who have engaged in physical activities from the childhood and didn't participate in physical fitness program, Group 4 – The trainees who have not engaged in physical activities from the childhood and also didn't participate in physical fitness program. After the first fitness test they participated to a special physical fitness program which have morning conditioning program with minor games for one hour in every day and 2 hours sports activity with lead up games program twice a week. It was revealed that the trainee's physical fitness levels who had been engaged in sport during school or childhood are much talented than the teacher trainees who had only participated in the sports activities done in the college. It can be concluded that the action research support to maximize the participation for physical activities and develop the fitness level of teacher trainees.
Key words: Physical fitness, Teacher training, Education

12-OA-4

Concept Design of New Comprehensive Community Sport Club..

Shionoya A1 , Nakano Y2, Yamane M3 , Takeda T4 , Murayama T5, Imamura A1 and Ohba M5

1Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan; 2Nagaoka University of Technology Graduate School ,Japan; 3Shigakkan University, Junior College, Japan; 4Hokusho University, Japan; 5Niigata University, Japan

Comprehensive community sports club is a new type of sport club recommended by the ministry of education. Many a sports clubs, however, faces the problems such as lack of working capitals, instructors, sports programs and club participants. The purposes of this study are to design the new concept of comprehensive community sport club using Information, Communication Technology (ICT) and to construct the basis ICT system for this sports club. To perform these purposes, the LAMP ( Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP ) system and the client server type network between club manager and club participants were constructed on Internet. The information about sport programs, schedule, training menus ( practice ) and purpose are offered to participants in advance using systems. Furthermore, various pictures in practice, advices from coaches ( Instructors ) about practice and scientific data, for example of kinetic and kinematic video analysis, are offered after practice. Additionally, WEB Portfolio is offered as a practice diary. Currently, these systems are running in swimming, ski, tennis, soccer and kin-ball program. Several sports clubs are integrated functionally using these systems and new concept of comprehensive community sport club is designed. This study is supported by the Sumitomo Health Sciences Foundation.
Key words: Concept Design, New Comprehensive Community Sport Club, Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

12-OA-5

The comparison of the formulated optimal bicycle seat height and the actual saddle height for the elite cyclists

Tsai C-L1, Guo Y-H1, Hsu H-E2, Tang W-T1

1 Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University ,Taiwan; 2 Nan Kai University of Technology

Bike Fitting is appropriate bike adjustment according with the body structure of rider. Setting saddle height is the first step. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the difference between saddle height by Greg LeMond method and the actual saddle height for the elite cyclists. Six cyclists volunteered for the study. The Inseam, actual saddle height and the knee angle were measured. The difference between two methods were analysed by pair t-test and significance level set at P<0.05 level. The formulated saddle height (65.1±3.5cm) with Greg LeMond method was significantly lower than the actual saddle height (69.8±4.1cm). The actual ratio of saddle height and the inseam length were 0.93± 0.03(0.91~0.97). The mean of knee angle for both legs were 29.6°±1.9°. The knee angle derived from the Greg LeMond method and measured inseam length were 49.6°±6.6° and about 20° flexion more than the actual knee angle. The actual knee angle only through the elite cyclists experience were in the range of the recommended knee angle 25°-35° in line with previous research. However, the knee angle derived from the Greg method showed more flexion and out of the recommended range 25°-35°. It may be due to the formula did not consider the Asian anthropometry difference and did not including the foot size and the crank length variables. It suggests that the bike fitting for Asian cyclists at formulated saddle height may need to consider the recommended range of knee angle and the racial anthropometry difference.

12-OB-1

Effects of blood flow restriction exercise on body compotation and muscular strength of Korean middle aged women

Byeong-hwan Jeon, Wook-chul Choi,

School of Sports and Health, Kyungsung University, Korea

The aim of this study was to examine body compotation and muscular strength responses to two types of resistance training protocols in Korean middle aged women. Twenty three healthy middle aged women completed 8 weeks of general resistance exercise (RE, n=7), blood flow restriction exercise (BFR, n=9) and no exercise (CON, n=7) three times per week. Both upper and lower body exercises were performed for with specific intensity for each group. For RE group, subjects were trained with 65~70% load of 1RM. For BFR group, subjects were trained with 30% load of 1RM and the restrictive pressures were applied by 100% and 120% of systolic blood pressure for upper limbs and hind limbs each for each participant. Body composition and muscular strength were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) and isokinetic dynamometer before and after the training session. Body weight, muscle mass of upper and lower limbs, fat mass of upper limbs, circumference of upper and lower limbs were detected significant changes in BFR group comparing to RE group. For the muscular strength, upper limbs showed the increased total work and peak torque/weight at 60°/120° of flexor muscle in BFR group. Hind limbs showed that total work and peak torque/weight were increased at 60° of flexor muscle and total work were increased at 60°/180° of extensor muscle, peak torque/weight at 180° of flexor muscle in BFR group. The findings indicated that restrictive pressure applied on limbs with relatively lower load of intensity during BFR exercise significantly affected the changes on body composition and muscle strength in Korean middle aged women.
Key words: blood flow restriction, exercise, body compotation, muscular strength' for this paper.

12-OB-2

The effects of resistance interval and constant training on muscular hemodynamic of different motion speed in health men

Cheng-Ling Chiang

Graduate Institute of Sport Training and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan

Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance interval (RIT) and constant (RCT) training on muscular hemodynamic/metabolic responses to different angular knee velocities isokinetic exercise. Thirty-six health males were randomly divided into RIT and RCT groups. The subjects were trained at alternating 60°-180°/s (RIT, n=18) or constant 120°/s (RCT, n=18) in knee extension/flexion for 6 to 10 sessions for 2 days/week for 6 weeks. A maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) test was performed at isokinetic contraction with five different angular knee velocities including 30°/s, 60°/s, 120°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s, each velocity for 5 repetitions. A near-infrared light is emitted from an optode in two wavelengths (860 and 784 nm), and was applied to assess dynamic changes of deoxy-hemoglobin (HHb), oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and local blood flow (THb) in vastus lateralis. The results indicated that both groups significantly increased the muscle peak torque in MVC test of all angular knee velocities after training. And the NIRS muscular hemodynamic data showed that both groups has no significantly change in HHb of all angular knee velocities, but in RIT group that showed significantly reduced THb and O2Hb in 120°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s. It's means that RIT improved O2 extraction in fast muscle movements. We conclude that RIT effectively improves hemodynamic/metablobic efficiencies in contracting skeletal muscles compared to RCT.
Key words: NIRS, isokinetic, muscular hemodynamic

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12-OB-4

Assessment of A Instructional Improved Integrated Movement Skills Coaching Mode For Junior Students

Xiao-bo Che

School of Physical Education & Sport Coaching, Shanghai University of Sport,Chaina

The purpose of this study was to prove the hypothesis that it practical to put the development of initiative quickness of moving and speed frequency as top priority to arouse the enhancement of coordination and other initial skills of junior students. and whether it effective to combine the practice of balance position with non-balance position practice for the comprehensive accomplishment of skill acquirement.. The experimental coaching mode selected from 25 coaching means for the subjects undertaken in the experimental group was divided into three stages: quickness & power unit(U1) in the first period , multiple-dimension components of movement unit(U2) in the second; and balance & coordination unit(U3) in the third stage. After 12-weeks experimental training, the study assessed the movement capabilities level of experimental group and compared the performance with what recorded in the contrasting group using routine coaching methods and contents. The study showed the practice of U1 , U2 play a key role for movement achievements, substantial improvement (p<0.05) in maximum constant work rate tests time was noted at 6 to 8 weeks, while no significant inter-group difference of U3 practice although improvements existed. Based on correlated data processing, the study brought forward the assessing contents, methods and standards of coaching mode. After comparing the performance of the students in contrasting group, the study proved effective of suggested U1,U2 and U3 instructional coaching mode for integrated movement skill enhancements of junior students. Three dimensionality movements of U1 , U2 ,and U3 should be included in the coaching in order to achieve a effective integrated movement development. In that case, the study brought forward the assessable contents, methods and standards of a instructional coaching category of U1, U2,and U3 for integrated movement skill improvement of junior students.
Key words: three dimensionality movements, coaching mode, assessment

12-OB-5

Intervention to take the Body Mass Index of Six School Children, Whose BMI has Exceeded the Risk Level, to Optimal Level through Sports Activities.

E.G. Dharmathilake, Walter Seneviratne, Ananda. Wijerathne

Department of Education,Faculty of Arts,University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Health sources state that 20% of the school children in Sri Lanka are running the risk of diabetes due to the fact that the parents direct them to the competitive academic channel forgetting the nutritional needs, leisure and physical activities required, feeding them with instant food items with a view to see them dominate the educational targets which the parents themselves could not reach. Accordingly, this study aims at finding out the ways and means of taking the children's health condition to the optimal level while exposing them simply to the playful and active life letting them have the required nutrition. Objective of this research was to identify the BMI level and food habits of selected school children and to intervene to take the body mass index of six school children whose BMI has exceeded the risk level, to optimal level through sports activities. Action Research method was understood to be the ideal to the above in order for this survey to be carried out in a very stress-free and an attractive manner and also the most suitable for the surveyor in decision making within his perimeter of visibility and audibility. At the same time, this methodology eases the collection of data through first hand observation and preparation of remedial measures. It was observed that the students, having understood their health risk, could lose their body weight to the required level as a result of engaging in various rhythmic sports activities for 30 minutes every morning and afternoon and further, not only they found their body shape remarkably changed but also this process became a part of their daily routine and as a result of which their health problems were gradually getting decreased. At the same time, it was observed that they were compelled to a daily nutritious diet having deviated them from instant food consumption to a minimum level. The pre-status of the target group; the BMI was 27.23+/-1.2 and after 30 minutes of activities a day for three consecutive weeks the BMI was 26.54+/- 1.1. Therefore, a long term intervention is felt to be much needed when concerning the prevailing situation and the main target is to get the BMI down to a value of 18 – 23 kg. This study was a golden opportunity to have a first-hand experience as a trainer as well as a teacher not only to know as to how this methodology could be applied in order to maintain body fitness through changing the food habits but also the obesity and the body weight could be reduced with getting the six selected students engaged in the intervention activity.
Key words: BMI, Sports Activities, Nutritional Needs