| 13-P-1 | Criteria for defining national Olympic success: A Delphi study | TANG,Margaret--TANG | Chinese Culture Univ. | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-2 | The Beneficial Effect of Tai Chi on Muscle Strength,..Depression of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients | Oh, Ji Sun --OhJS | Seoul National Univ. | Korea | |
| 13-P-3 | The Study of Process to Join The Deutschland Table Tennis on Taiwanese Elite Player | Huang, Wei-Chin--HuangWC | National Taiwan Sport Univ. | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-4 | A preliminary investigation of current status on career planning amongst professional basketball players in Taiwan | WEI, Wei--WEI | Chinese Culture Univ. | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-5 | Athletic career transition: ex-swimmers' experiences of the sports system in taiwan | TANG, Sheng-chieh--TANG | Chinese Culture Univ. | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-6 | Parental Support of Physical Activity and Its Effect among College Students– Examination of Physical Exercise Habit – | Konno R--Konno | Juntendo Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-7 | Morphological Characteristics of Lower Limb in College Track and Field Athletes | Hisano T--Hisano | Osaka Univ. of Health and Sport Sciences | Japan | |
| 13-P-8 | The changes in the long jump takeoff as increasing the number of step during the approach run | Kinomura Y--Kuromura | Aichi Toho Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-9 | The laterality and the changes of lower limb movement in first and latter half of 800m running | Ohnuma, Hayato--Ohnuma | National Inst. of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya | Japan | |
| 13-P-10 | The effects of change of hurdle height and intervals on leg kinematics during double-leg hurdle jump. | Takahashi K--Takahashi | Niigata Univ. of Health and Welfare | ||
| 13-P-11 | Comparison of approach velocity parameters in long jumpers and triple jumpers at similar performance levels | Kumano A--Kumano | 1 Graduate school, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan;2Tokai University, Japan;3 Japan Institute of Sports Sciences | Japan | |
| 13-P-12 | Mechanical properties of triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in Kenyan and Japanese distance runners. | Oda T--OdaT | Hyogo Univ. of Teacher Education | Japan | |
| 13-P-13 | Relationship between the 15 m time and the kinematic variables of the swimming kick start. | Ozeki K--Ozeki | Osaka Univ. Health and Sport Sciences | Japan | |
| 13-P-14 | Effect of different breathing rhythm on backstroke swimming | Moriyama S--Moriyama | Japan Women's College of Physical Education | Japan | |
| 13-P-15 | Relationship between gliding and swimming motions during front crawl swimming in recreational swimmers | Kanazawa S--Kanazawa | Japan Women's College of Physical Education | Japan | |
| 13-P-16 | An analysis of arm pulls of butterfly stroke | Ho Chin-Shan --HoCS | National Taiwan Sport Univ. | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-17 | The effect of breathing cycle on buoyancy and passive torque in swimmers. | Watanabe Y--WatanabeY | Biwako Seikei Sport College | Japan | |
| 13-P-18 | Relationship between core stability and 200 m front crawl swimming performance | Yamagata K--YamagataK | Japan Women's College of Physical Education | Japan | |
| 13-P-19 | Comparison study of the underwater butterfly kicking between the monofin and the barefoot .. | Tanigawa, T--Tanigawa | Kyoto Institute of Technology | Japan | |
| 13-P-20 | The kinematic analysis of the landing movement of vault | YU Jia-bin--YUJb | Shanghai Univ. of Sport | China | |
| 13-P-21 | Characteristics of preparatory and main steps during approach phase in volleyball blocking | Umezaki S--Umezaki | Tenri Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-22 | A study on the Total Defense in Volleyball game ~Relationship of "Service courses" and "Setting distributions"~ | Yoshida S--Yoshida | Senshu Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-23 | A study on setting technique in volleyball－Focusing on setter's movement, coordinate with receiver's movement－ | Nishi H--Nishi | Hiroshima Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-24 | About change of the average height by the introduction of libero-rule in volleyball ..all-Japan, representative players.. | Nagatani M--Nagatani | Hokusho Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-25 | A study of collegiate women tennis players examines reasons and causes for errors | Hirata D--HirataD | Senshu Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-26 | The effects of tennis training on the acquisition of forehand ground strokes ball spin | Murakami, Shunsuke--Murakami | National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya | Japan | |
| 13-P-27 | An evaluate tennis player's offensive ability by offensive phase incidence | Kitamura T--Kitamura | Biwako seikei sport college | Janapn | |
| 13-P-28 | The relationships between actual performance and objective feedback with computerized scorebook for tennis | Takahashi, Hiroo--Takahashi | National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya | Japan | |
| 13-P-29 | Structural relationships between passing and dribbling plays under various conditions..during basketball game | Sakuragi K-SKimiko | Fukuoka Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-30 | Regarding the present state of the training system for basketball player in China | Huang Y--HuangY | Ryutsukeizai Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-31 | A research of the fast break after taking the ball in the UEFA EURO 2012 - in comparison with the possession play - | Tamura T--TamuraT | Waseda Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-32 | The trend analysis of shooting in Women's National Football Tournaments JAPAN 2013 | Mori M--MoriM | Univ. of Tsukuba | Japan | |
| 13-P-33 | Teaching Program of Soccer for Physical Education in Junior High School | Sato R--SatoR | Hokkaido Univ. | Japan | |
| 13-P-34 | Quantification of defense performance in soccer by using location information | Hayashi Y--HayashiY | Biwako Seikei Sport College | Japan | |
| 13-P-35 | The Injury Prediction in High-School Baseball Players through Functional Movement Screen(FMS) | Woo, SeungSeok--WooSS | Seoul National Univ. | Korea | |
| 13-P-36 | The immediate effect of Hip-abductor muscles exercises on knee valgus angle during single-legged squatting | Nakamine Y--Nakamine | Long-Term Care Health Facilities Gura-ne Kitanosawa | Japan | |
| 13-P-37 | Core Stability and Hip/Knee Muscles Strength for Female Athletes with Dynamic Knee Valgus | Chang, Hsiao-Yun--ChungHY | Chung Shan Medical Univ. | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-38 | Application of Kinesio Taping on Basketball Sport Injuries | Yang Y--YangY | MingDao University, Department of Recreation and Holistic Wellness | Taiwan | |
| 3-P-39 | Effect of Ketogenic diet on Athletic fitness factors and Antioxidant status in Taekwondo athletes | Kim, Sang Rae--KimSR | Chungbuk National Univ. | Korea | |
| 13-P-40 | Cuscuta Chinensis Seed Extract Improves Exercise Performance and Ameliorates muscular injury after exercise | Chen, Wen-Chyuan --ChenWC | Chang Gung Univ. of Science and Technology | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-41 | Cytoprotective Effects of American Ginseng in a Human Submaximal Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Rat Ethanol Gastric Ulcer Model | Hsu, Mei-Chich--HsuMC | Kaohsiung Medical Univ. | Taiwan | |
| 13-P-42 | Comparison of Colonic Transit Time With Physical Activity Amount in Mental Illness Unit Patients | Song, Bong Kil--SongBK | Seoul National Univ. | Korea | |
| 13-P-43 | The Effect of Exercise on Expression of Myokines in Colon Cancer-induced Mice | Kim, JuneHong--KimJH | Seoul National Univ. | Korea | |
| 13-P-44 | Case study of training of 2012 Pralympic swimming medalist.. | Noguchi T--NoguchiT | Nihon Univ. | Japan | ← |
Margaret TANG1, Chin-Long YANG2
1Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan; 2Department of physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan
The definition of national Olympic success is a debatable issue. Traditionally, people judge a nation's elite sport achievement by the number of medals won at the Olympic Games. This is despite the fact that using the traditional medal table to judge national Olympic success for countries is neither fair nor legitimate. In order gain insight into alternative definitions, a new attempt was made to probe stakeholders' viewpoints. Data were collected through the Delphi technique and participants included 32 sport experts in Taiwan. A four-round Delphi survey was undertaken using electronic questionnaires. Tweleve issues were identified by Taiwanese stakeholders to be important for Taiwan to define national Olympic success. Specifically, the interviewees ranked increasing international exposure and building up national reputation, promoting athletes' social status, and winning more medals across a number of sports as the top three priorities. General conclusions based on the Delphi results suggested that the definition of Olympic success can be measured in quantitative terms (traditional values) and qualitative terms (additional values). In discussing the stakeholders' consensus from these perspectives, it is clear that the emphasis on traditional values were still a dominant feature in Taiwan. Notwithstanding, the additional values associated with taking part in the Olympic Games, such as political values, socio-cultural values, educational values, economic values, and organizational values were also noted by the stakeholders.
Key words: high performance sports, environmental influences, organizational theory
Ji Sun Oh, On Lee, Bong kil Song, gwi taek Park, young sin Kim, Jung ha Lee, Jae Hee Kim, Jung Jun Lim, Myoung hwee Kim, Joon Sik Kim, Yeon Soo Kim
Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University, Korea
The goal of treating Rheumatoid Arthritis patient is to protect their joint and muscle strength and to regain ability of their daily task function. The exercise Tai-Chi is recommended method to protect range of motion of joint and to maintain muscle strength. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of Tai-Chi exercise on muscle strength, range of motion, and depression of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Thirty one female patients aged 55-71 with rheumatoid arthritis were recruited from a regional hospital in Korea. Twenty three people were in the experimental group who had been practicing Tai-Chi exercise for 14 week and eight people were in the control group. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for lower muscle strength with MMT(Manual Muscle Test), Range of Motion with goniometer, and the level of depression with GDS-K. The collected data were processed with SPSS/WIN 20.0 program and analyzed by the frequency, percentage, chi-square test, and ANOVA with repeated measures. After 14-weeks of Tai-Chi exercise, we found that lower muscle strength was a statistically improved and elbow extension ROM shows significant decrease in experimental group (p<.05). Both forearm's supination and pronation and elbow extension ROM were statistically improved. On the other hand, there were no significant improvement in the control group. Lastly, the level of depression was significantly decreased in experimental group. This study shows that the practicing Tai-Chi exercise can be beneficial on improving muscle strength, range of motion, depression of middle aged women. Thus, it can enhance the quality of life of elderly people and Tai-Chi exercise can be effective nursing interventions for rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Key words: Tai Chi, Muscle Strength, Range of motion, Depression, Rheumatoid Arthritis
Wei-Chin Huang, Han- Dau Yao ,Mei- Hua Tu
National Taiwan Sport University,Taiwan
The purpose of this study was to explore the process of the Taiwanese elite players who had been to the Deutschland table tennis league, inclusive of eight talented players who had been to the Deutschland table tennis league from 2000 to 2011. Qualitative research method was used as the research method, and semi-structured was used in in-depth interviews. This study found that: 1. The process of the player joining the league: (1) Before the league start, well communication was necessary. (2) During league period, normal training was hold high quality and shorter time in first class club. (3) After the league, renew the contract or not, as well as for the adjustment of home training, each player's situation was different. 2. Preparation process was complicated. It was better to get for professional manager's help. Language ability were the common problem for the players. 3. It encourages the players mentally and become more stable if his skill makes significant progress in continuity. The conclusion was well preparation in advance enhances the Taiwanese elite players who participated in the Deutschland table tennis league technical and mental ability, showing the positive value.
Key words: Deutschland Table Tennis League, Table Tennis Player, Qualitative Research.
Wei WEI1, Margaret TANG2
1Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan; 2Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan
The present study investigated athlete career planning amongst professional basketball active players in Super Basketball League (SBL) in Taiwan. Specifically, it probed the topics of professional basketball players' attitudes towards education, training, and future career prospects. This study used a quantitative survey questionnaires developed in consultation with key stakeholders. The registered basketball players (n=115) in the 2014 season from seven teams (namely, Taiwan Mobile, Da-cin Tiger, Taiwan Beer, Taiwan Bank, Yu-lon, Kin-mem Kaoliang Liquor, and Pure-Youth) were invited to participate and the questionnaire survey achieved a response rate of 83.4% (n=96). The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, t test, and one-way ANOVA. The results of this preliminary investigation showed that the average age of SBL players was 27.38. Over 40% of the respondents played only 1-3 years in SBL. Among all respondents, only 9.4% were connected with aboriginal identity and 84% obtained a university degree. In the respect of current staus on career planning, the majority of SBL players (86.4%) reported that they enjoyed their career as a SBL players. There were 37% of players reported that they would prefer to deal with their post-basketball career when their SBL careers end. The study revealed that the majority of SBL players placed high value on actively preparing for a career after basketball and had high levels of awareness of the need to prepare for a post-baseball career. Based on the results, a number of specific recommendations for SBL players and related sport organizations were given.
Key words: Super Basketball League, professional athletes, career transition
Sheng-chieh TANG1 , Margaret TANG2
1Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan; 2 Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan
Previous research on athletic career development and/or transition indicated that athletes tend to have difficulty immersing their lifestyle into the societal norm after the termination of their athletic careers. Nevertheless, a review of literature showed that there was a lack of relevant empirical evidence to support these claims. This study made an attempt to explore how the retired elite swimmers in Taiwan perceived the roles of the sports system in assisting their athletic career transition. This study applied a qualitative design. Four retired swimmers (3 males, 1 female) were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Four themes emerged from the analysis of qualitative data. Participants reported a lack of support from the system both financially and emotionally as pivotal in their decision to end the athletic career. The continued struggle for direction in their roles as athletes, coupled with recurring disappointment from the system's support, led to early termination. Recommendations were made for future sport system to be more objective in governance to continue attracting talents and promoting the sport.
Key words: career planning, elite swimmer, sport policies
Konno R, Sakuraba K, Yokoyama K
Juntendo University, Japan
The purpose of the current research was to examine the support of physical activity that college students have received from their parents and to investigate its effect on physical exercise habit. Participants were 322 first year college students who are in college of health and sports science and medical school (male = 186, female = 136; mean age = 18.9, SD = .65, range 18-21) and 492 parents of those students (fathers = 226, mothers = 266; mean age = 50.1, SD = 4.09, range 38-65). For students, their exercise habit was assessed. For parents, the parental support of their children's physical activity and their own exercise habit were examined. The result showed that the support of physical activity was different depending on parental gender and their own exercise habit, and related to students' exercise habit. The study indicated that parental interests on exercise, their actual exercise, their suggestions for children' exercise, and their encouragement were effective to form exercise habit of their children.
Key words; fathers, mothers, regular exercise, gender difference
Hisano T1, Kusumoto K2, Akihara Y3, Iwasaki M1, Edamatsu C2, Ishikawa M1 ,Oda T3
1 Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Japan; 2 Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Japan; 3 Hyogo University of Teacher Education,Japan
The purpose of this study was to investigate morphological characteristics of lower limb in sprinters (SR), long-distance runners (LDR) and throwers (TH), and to compare the differences. Twelve SP (20 ± 1 years, 173.2 ±5.3 cm, 61.5 ± 5.4 kg), 12 LD (19 ± 1.3 years,171.3 ± 6.9 cm,56.3 ± 6.9 kg) and 8 TH(20 ± 0.6 years, 173.1 ± 6.1 cm, 84.6 ± 3.6 kg) participated in this study. The thigh and lower leg length, fascile length and pennation angle of gastrocnemius, length and cross-sectional area (CSAAT) of Achilles tendon were measured. The parameters on length were determinded with a measure. The circumference of lower limb was estimated by elliptical approximation using sagittal and coronal thickness of the segments. The length and cross-sectional area of Achilles tendon, and fascile length and pennation angle of gastrocnemius were measured by B-mode ultrasonography. Also, passive ankle joint torque was measured during passive dorsiflexion of each 10 degree from the 20-degree plantar-flexion position to 10-degree dorsiflexion position. Thigh length and CSAAT were longer and smaller in LDR than in both SR and in TH, respectively. The circumferences at proximal 30% of the lower leg and at ankle were greater in TH than both in SR and in LDR. The morphological characteristics of muscle and tendon are influenced by quality and quantity of training. Thus, the differences in groups would be attributed to different style of high road training in TH and SR and low load but high volume training in LDR.
Key words: B-mode ultrasonography, elliptical approximation
Kinomura Y1, Fujibayashi N 2, and Zushi K 3
1Aichi Toho University, Japan; 2 Ritsumeikan University, Japan; 3Tsukuba University, Japan
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the long jump takeoff as increasing the number of steps at the approach run. Twelve male jumpers participated in the study. They performed the long jump with run-ups of six, twelve and their own strides in the competition. The take-off motions were captured with a high-speed digital camera (300 fps) for two-dimensional motion analysis. Grand reaction forces were also recorded (1 kHz). When athletes increase the number of steps in their approach run, the jump distance and approach velocity at touchdown were increased, the contact time, and the horizontal deceleration during take-off were decreased, and the vertical velocity of the take-off was almost unchanged. Then, first peak value of the vertical and horizontal ground reaction force were increased. However the second peak of the horizontal ground reaction force was unchanged and that of vertical one was smaller in own run-ups at the competition than in the twelve strides. Former impulse of horizontal direction was increased and latter impulses of horizontal and vertical direction were unchanged. So when approach velocity was increased, the impact of the first half during take-off phase became bigger. Therefore athlete need bear the increased load at first half of take-off phase as increasing run-up steps.
Key words: ground reaction force, long jump,
Hayato Ohnuma1, Yuichi Hirano2, Akihito Kumano1, Naoki Nishitani3, Masanobu Tachi4
1Graduate School, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan; 2National Institute of Sports Science, Japan; 3Graduate School, Nara University of Education, Japan; 4Nara University of Education, Japan
The purpose of this study was to clarify the laterality and the changes of lower limb movement in first and latter half of 800m running. Subjects were 8 male university runners (age 20.0 ± 1.2, height 1.75 ± 0.07m, weight 64.7 ± 6.2kg). The subjects performed 800m running with maximal effort in the 1st lane on an outdoor track. Trials were recorded and the running velocity was calculated for every 100m. The left and right leg movement were analyzed by two-dimensional motion analysis method focusing on 160m (the first half) and 760m (the latter half) section of 800m running. Also, the heart rate for every 100m was calculated using heart rate monitor. The kinematics parameters were averaged for each section and compared between the phases and between the left and right legs. From start to goal, the running velocity gradually decreased and the heart rate gradually increased. The running velocity, the step length and the flight distance decreased significantly in the latter half for both legs. Although, the stance time of the left leg increased significantly in the latter half, the right leg showed no significant change. Form these results, the present study demonstrated that the changes of lower limb movement in first and latter half of 800m running are different between left and right leg.
Key words: middle distance running, kinematics, curved path
Takahashi K1, Ogata M2
1Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan; 2University of Tsukuba, Japan
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of change of hurdle height and intervals on lower joints kinetics during double leg hurdle jump. Twelve male athletes of track and field performed double-leg hurdle jump that bent legs to jump over the hurdle. The sets of hurdles were changed in height (70% leg length vs 90% leg length with 160% leg length interval) and intervals (170% hurdle height vs 230% hurdle height with 80% leg length hurdle height) ，respectively. All trials were recorded using high-speed video camera, and 23 body points were digitized (125Hz). Contact time, flight angle and leg kinematic parameters were calculated. The contact time in each trial was shorter than 200ms and，it means that all trials were plyometric exercise. As hurdles height became higher, contact time decreased, but with no significant difference. Joints of lower limbs showed more remarkable flexion when jumping over the higher hurdles. On the other hand, contact time didn't showed significant changes with the change of interval length. However flight direction became forward when the interval length became long. Displacements of knee joint flexion and hip joint extension during the contact phase increased significantly, and hip joint was extending continually during the contact phase. These results indicate that 1) knee joint plays the role to resist downward movement, 2) hip extension induces leg backward swing, and it moves the body forward.
Key words: forward jumping, plyometric exercise, leg swing
Kumano A1, Ohnuma H1, Ueta Y2, Hirano Y3
1 Graduate school, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan;2Tokai University, Japan;3 Japan Institute of Sports Sciences,Japan
The purpose of this study was to make comparison of approach velocity parameters in long jumpers and triple jumpers at similar performance levels, and to clarify that which does approach velocity influence more. The subjects were eight long jumpers and eight triple jumpers. Their jumped distance was converted into points of IAAF Scoring Tables of Athletics. There was no significant difference between points of long jumpers (880±68pt) and points of triple jumpers (907±46pt). Approach velocity parameters (1, maximal velocity; 2, place of maximal velocity; 3, velocity at takeoff touchdown; 4, decrease ratio of velocity) were measured by using a laser velocity measurement device in the university competition. Unpaired t-test was used to test for differences in approach velocity parameters. As a result, there was significant difference (p<.01) between decrease ratio of velocity of long jumpers (3.59±1.41%) and ratio of triple jumpers (1.40±1.31%). There was no significant difference in maximal velocity, place of maximal velocity, velocity at takeoff touchdown among long jumpers and triple jumpers. The results of this study showed that approach velocity in the long jump decreased from place of maximal velocity to takeoff than the triple jump at similar performance levels.
Key words: approach velocity, long jumper, triple jumper
Oda T1,2, Toyoda Y1, Hisano T1,3, Akihara Y1, Kunimasa Y3, Sano K3, Kusumoto K4, Nicol C5, Komi PV6, Ishikawa M3
1Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Japan; 2RIKEN, Japan; 3Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Japan; 4Kurashiki University of Science and the Art, Japan; 5Aix-Marseille Université, France; 6University of Jyväskylä, Finland
It has been suggested that superior running economy is one of key factors for the great success of Kenyan distance runners (Saltin et al. 1995). The running economy and performance would be significantly influenced by mechanical properties of muscle and tendon tissues, but detailed information has been limited. In this study, we determined passive joint torque, and indices of stiffness on the both tissues in triceps surae muscle of Kenyan and Japanese distance runners. Eight Kenyan (KDR) and 10 Japanese distance runners with high performance (JHR) as well as 10 Japanese distance runners with normal performance (JNR) were volunteered for this study. Mechanical parameters of triceps surae muscle-tendon unit were measured by the B-mode musculoskeletal ultrasonography. For the measurements of mechanical properties, ankle joint torques and length changes of both muscle and tendon tissues were measured during passive dorsiflexion (from the 20-degree plantar-flexion position to 10-degree dorsiflexion position) and during maximum voluntary plantar flexion at 0-degree. The stiffness index was calculated by the ankle joint torque and length changes of tissues. The passive joint torque at the 10-deg dorsiflexion was 42% and 62% greater in KDR than in JHR and JNR, respectively (p<0.05). The muscle stiffness index at 0-deg was 183% and 257% greater in KDR than in JHR and JNR, respectively (p<0.01). In addition, grater stiffness on tendon tissues was observed in JNR. Therefore, the higher passive joint torque, stiffer muscle tissues and compliant tendon tissues in KDR would positively contribute to effective joint torque generation and power output required in stance phase of running.
Key words: muscle, tendon, biomechanics
Ozeki K1, Sakurai S2
1Osaka University Health and Sport Sciences, Japan; 2Chukyo University, Japan
Starting technique is one of the most important factors for the race performance in competitive swimming. Good performances for the swimming start are characterized by high entry speed, small attitude angle and the small angle of attack. Honda et al. (2010) reported that the horizontal velocity at take-off was significantly improved by the use of kick start. Although there are several studies that focus on the kinematics and kinetics while kicking the block (e.g. Honda et al., 2010), less attention has been attracted to the technique of entry phase. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the 15 m time and the kinematic variables of the swimming kick start.
Twelve male Japanese competitive swimmers (Age = 19.8 ± 1.3 years, Height = 174.0 ± 4.6 cm, Weight = 69.4 ± 6.1 kg) participated in this study. Two-dimensional analysis was used to obtain the kinematic variables: velocity at take-off, angle of projection at take-off, attitude angle at take-off, entry angle, attitude angle at entry, the angle of attack at entry and flight distance.A correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between the 15 m time and the kinematic variables for the kick start. There was a significant negative correlation between the horizontal velocity at take-off and the 15 m time (r=-0.585). At the same time, there was a no significant correlation between the angle of attack and the 15 m time. The result indicates the importance of swimmers accelerating the Horizontal velocity while kicking the block.
Key words: competitive swimming, starting technique,
Moriyama S1,Kanazawa S1,Yamagata K2,Kitagawa Y1,Hara H3,Shibata Y4
1Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Japan; 2 Master's Course in Sports Science, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Japan; 3Kokugakuin University, Japan; 4Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan
The present study aimed to clarify the effects of different breathing rhythm (BR) on swimming velocity (V) and stroke indices during maximal backstroke swimming. Participants comprised 10 highly trained female university student swimmers (height, 1.63±0.03 m; weight, 54.4±6.1 kg) who performed maximal backstroke swimming for 20 m using the following two different BRs: Type A, 1 stroke cycle - 1 breath, and Type B, 1 stroke cycle - 2 breaths. In addition, if subjects experienced an unpleasant feeling while attempting either type of BR, they swam freely without remaining conscious of a specific BR three times. Stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) were measured as stroke indices. Intra-nasal pressure (INP) was taken as the difference between minimum and maximum values. No significant differences were observed in V (Type A, 1.33±0.07 m·s-1; Type B, 1.34±0.07 m·s-1), SR (Type A, 0.70±0.06 Hz; Type B, 0.70±0.06 Hz), SL (Type A, 1.9±0.1 m; Type B, 1.9±0.1 m) or INP (Type A, 1.34±0.58 kPa; Type B, 1.27±0.62 kPa). However, in comparisons between BR subjects who felt good (GR) and those who did not (UGR), significant differences were observed in both V (GR, 1.37±0.07 m·s-1; UGR, 1.32±0.06 m·s-1) and SR (GR, 0.73±0.05 Hz; UGR, 0.69±0.05 Hz) (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that different BRs can affect V and stroke indices. Additionally, if swimmers feel good while performing different BRs, their V and SR are both likely to increase.
Key words; Intra-nasal pressure, swimming velocity, stroke rate, stroke length
Kanazawa S1, Moriyama S1, Yamagata K2, Kitagawa Y1
1Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Japan; 2Master's Course in Sports Science, Japan Women's College of Physical Education
Many technical books and studies have described the importance of gliding in front crawl swimming. Gliding in swimming is defined as stretching horizontally while the surface of the arm moves in the direction of forward motion after entry into the water. However, the effects of gliding on the posture, breathing, and swimming movements of swimmers during front crawl swimming remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between gliding and swimming posture, breathing, and swimming movement (arm strokes and leg kicking) in swimmers during front crawl swimming. A total of 132 female collegiate recreational swimmers were recorded at 30 frames per second by a digital video camera placed poolside, 15 meters from the end wall, while performing front crawl swimming for 25 meters. The videos were then evaluated based on three-step criteria used in previous studies. We found that gliding had a significant relationship with swimming posture, breathing, and swimming movement (P < 0.05). These results suggest the importance of gliding in front crawl swimming for stabilizing breathing and the horizontal position of swimmers on the surface of the water, and for improving the efficiency of swimming movement.
Key words; swimming posture, breathing, swimming movement, Coaching in Physical Education
Chin-Shan Ho1, Chun-Hao Chang1, Ping-Kun Chiu2, and Kuo-Chuan Lin2
1Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; 2Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
The purpose of the study was to analysis the arm pulls of butterfly stroke by using a self-designed inertial measurement unit (IMU). Sixteen swimmers were recruited in this research (eight elite athletes and eight sub-elite athletes) to implement twenty-five meters sprint. The IMU was placed at the right forearm to measure the pull cycles in sprint of butterfly stroke. Experimental data regarding the IMU were computed via a computer program written in MATLAB to calculate the time of pull and divide the pull cycles. One-way analysis of variance method was applied to examine differences between elite and sub-elite swimmers in pull time and the times of pull cycles. The level of significance was set to α =.05. The results showed that elite swimmers were significant faster than sub-elite swimmers in pull time (1.03±0.07 sec vs. 1.11±0.11 sec) and lesser frequency of pull (8.75±1.28 times vs. 10.12±1.25 times). Elite swimmers had a faster pull and lesser frequency that may be indicative of better power and efficiency of them. In this study, the IMU demonstrated that it could apply into swimming and provide kinematics parameters conveniently. In the future, that could be a monitor for the coaches and athletes in training.
Key words: MATLAB, Inertial Measuring Unit, kinematics
Watanabe Y1, Wakayoshi K1, Nomura T2, Tachi M3
1Biwako Seikei Sport College, Japan; 2Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan; 3Nara University of Education, Japan
This research project will examine the increase and decrease of buoyancy and the migration dynamics of "Center of Buoyancy position" associated with breathing as well as the relationship between the distance of between the center of buoyancy (CB) and mass (CM) (D), passive torque and performance based on changes in the force exerted in a vertical direction on hands and feet with changes in lung ventilation while a swimmer maintains a horizontal position in the water.The participants of this study were 14 male (age = 16.9 ±0.7 years) Japanese junior elite competitive swimmers. The body CM positions were measured by means of a reaction board (Hay, 1993). We referred to the measurement method used by McLean & Hinrichs (2000) to measure the CB point. Passive torque (Tp) calculations are made using the following equations with D and buoyancy force (B): Tp = D ・ B We use a glide-swimming test to assess the performance.The result of D was 1.93 ± 0.21 cm in neutral buoyancy situation. The D at full inhalation was 2.28 ± 0.44 cm. Buoyancy was increased (at neutral: 606.41 ± 44.21, at inhalation: 615.67 ± 42.58) ventilation is increased (at neutral: 2366.38 ± 831.67, at inhalation: 3185.26 ± 906.55). A negative correlative relationship was indicated between the Tp and D. A positive correlative relationship was indicated between the velocity decrement rate (VDR) (from [2.5m to 5m] to [5m to 7.5m] beginning from starting point) of the glide-swimming test and D at neutral buoyancy.
Key words: breathing cycle, glide-swimming, streamline posture, submerge
Yamagata K1, Moriyama S2, Kanazawa S2, Sasakura K2, Kitagawa Y2
1Master's Course in Sports Science, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Japan; 2Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Japan
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships among core stability, swimming velocity, stroke indices, and indices of movement during maximal front crawl swimming. The participants were 10 highly trained, female, collegiate swimmers (height, 1.60±0.04 m; weight, 54.7±4.1 kg). All participants performed the Sahrmann core stability test using a Stabilizer Pressure Biofeedback Unit on the ground. The test consisted of 5 levels, with each level increasing in difficulty. They also performed maximal front crawl swimming for 200 m, and a video camera was used to record their movements. Stroke rate and stroke length were measured as stroke indices. The average values of swimming velocity, stroke indices, and movement were calculated using one stable front crawl stroke cycle as a swimming performance variable. Rates of decline of 175–200 m (phase 4) for 25–50 m (phase 1) were calculated for all swimming performance variables. Significant differences were observed in swimming velocity (phase 1, 1.52±0.12 m·s-1; phase 4, 1.43±0.09 m·s-1) and shoulder movement on the X-axis (phase 1, 1.14±0.03 m; phase 4, 1.13±0.05 m), with phase 4 values lower than those in phase 1 (P < 0.05). However, no relationships were observed between Sahrmann's core stability level (2.1±1.4) and swimming performance variables, or between Sahrmann's core stability level and the rates of decline of swimming performance variables. These results indicated that there is no relationship between core stability and 200 m maximal front crawl swimming performance.
Key words; Sahrmann core stability test, swimming velocity, stroke rate, stroke length
Tanigawa, T1, Kataoka, H2, Matsumoto, T3, Kamiya, M1, Kida, N1, Nomura, T1
1 Kyoto Institute of Technology2, Japan; 2Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Japan; 3Graduate School of Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan
This study aims to comparison of the underwater butterfly kicking between the monofin (monofin-swimming) and the barefoot (barefoot-swimming). The subjects were 81 high-school swimmers as novice of the monofin (height: 1.70 ± 0.05 m, weight: 58.1 ± 5.6 kg, FINA Points: 412.5 ± 107.2 points). The subjects were swum 25 meters by the monofin-swimming and by the barefoot-swimming at their maximum effort. Images were taken from the swimmer's right side using an underwater video camera. After recording, the videos were transferred to the personal computer and analyzed using a motion analysis software. Displacements were digitized about wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles and the tip of the monofin. The vertical comports of each body part over time was approximated a sine wave (z=a*sin (b*t+c) +d*t+e). In Formula, "a" indicates amplitude/2, "b" is for frequency, "c" is the starting point of the sine wave. As the result of the amplitude of the ankles, the monofin-swimming (0.23 ± 0.06 m) is significant smaller than the barefoot-swimming (0.35 ± 0.05 m), (F (1, 80) =16.864, p<.01). On the other hand, the phase shift of the body from a wrist were not the significant differences between the monofin-swimming (-364.08 ± 67.67 deg.) and the barefoot-swimming (-376.28 ± 52.89 deg.), (Ex. Ankle (1, 80) =1.520, p>.05). It was thought that the increase of the load caused the delay of the timing, but the difference was not seen in this study in the timing, and the amplitude became small.
Key words: butterfly kicking, monofin, bare foot, novice
YU Jia-bin1, HAO Wei-ya2, ZHOU Xing-long3
1Shanghai University of Sport, China; 2China Institute of Sport Science, China; 3Beijing Sport University, China
The purpose of this article was to make the kinematics analysis on the vault landing to reveal the key indicators. The movements were cartwheel straight body swivel 990 ° (10 samples) and cartwheel straight body swivel 810 ° (7 samples) captured in 2011 and 2012 Chinese Gymnastics Championships. Two high-speed cameras (CASIO EX-F1, 300Hz) were used to capture movements in three dimensions with PEAK framework for calibrate before the game. ShiXun three-dimensional kinematic analysis system (Beijing Sports University), Qtools, OriginPro8.1, Excel2007 and Spss13.0 were used to conduct kinematic analysis and data processing. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in 10 kinematic indicators between "990" and "810": the vertical velocity of center of gravity (COG), right shoulder angle when leaving the horse and the maximum height of COG in the flight phase and the height of COG, body pitch angle, left and right hip angle, left and right knee angle, right shoulder angle when landing. Conclusions: At the moment of leaving horse, "990" exhibited larger right shoulder angle indicating the right shoulder's effort to push away from horse was stronger to induce the vertical velocity of COG larger when leaving the horse. In the flight phase, "990" exhibited greater maximum COG height and longer flight time to make sure athletes could complete greater angle of twist. At the moment of landing, the different facing directions affected the hip and knee angle of two movements. "990" exhibited greater knee angle and smaller hip angle, representing that the buffer action of hip in the landing phase was weaker, and the buffer action of knee was stronger.
Key words: landing of vault, kinematics
Umezaki S1, Kida N2, Nomura T3
1Tenri University, Graduate student of Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan; 2Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan; 3Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan
The purpose of this study was to clarify characteristics of preparatory and main steps during approach phase in volleyball blocking. 6 females professional volleyball player (expert group) , 6 females collegiate volleyball player (experienced group) and 4 females collegiate basketball player (novise group) performed blocking tasks initiated from three directions (center attack: first tempo, right and left side attack : second tempo), during which their steps were videotaped at 60 Hz. The steps to right and left side were categorized according to step-types, and their timings were analyzed. Side-thrust, jab-step, kick-back, split-step were used in the preparatory step, while cross-step, side cross-step and running-step were used in the main step. The study found relationship between experience of playing volleyball and step-types. In addition, the experienced group showed significantly faster starting times for preparatory step than the 2 groups. Although there was no significantly difference between the novice group and expert group in the starting times for preparatory step, the novice group showed significantly later starting times for main step than the 2 groups. These finding showed that the expert players waited to start the preparatory step until just before toss contact, and quickly executed that step to catch the spike contact after precisely reading the direction of toss.
Key words: type classification, timing, skill-level
Yoshida S1, Sato H2, Yamada T3, Watanabe K1, Okada M1
1Senshu University, Japan; 2Koriyama Women's University, Japan; 3Yamagata Johoku High School ,Japan
The purpose of this study is to gain the new knowledge about "Total Defense in Volleyball game", to construct blocking systems and floor defense systems linked with service skills, by quantitatively analyzing the relationship of service courses and setting distributions in each rotation. Games to be analyzed were 45 men's international matches held in 2009-2012: 24 matches from the World League, 5 matches from Grand Champions Cup, 5 matches from the World championships, 11 matches from the World Cup. After extraction of the 2,055 samples of jumping spike services from the games, we created a cross-tabulation table as "9 service courses" and "4 setting distributions". And then we quantitatively analyzed the "changes of 4 setting distributions" due to "9 service courses" in 6 rotations, using Chi-square Test and Adjusted standardized residual Test. The results are as follows.1) In S1 rotation, services from "zone 5 to zone 1" reduce the expected value of the "Left attack" (p<.05). 2) In S2 rotation, services from "zone 1 to zone 5" increase the expected value of the "Quick attack" (p<.05). 3) In S3 rotation, services from "zone 5 to zone 1" increase the expected value of the "Quick attack" (p<.05). 4) In S4 rotation, services from "zone 1 to zone 1" increase the expected value of the "Pipe attack" (p<.05). 5) In S5 rotation, services from "zone 1 to zone 6" reduce the expected value of the "Quick attack" (p<.05). 6) In S6 rotation, services from "zone 6 to zone 1" reduce the expected value of the "Left attack" (p<.05).
Key words: Volleyball, Total Defense, Service Course, Setting distribution
Nishi H1，Yoshida Y2，Hashihara Y3
1Doctoral Program，Hiroshima University, Japan; 2Shitennoji University, Japan; 3Hiroshima University, Japan
The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the setting technique of setter, during the combination attack in volleyball, in the actual games, focusing on the timing of the start motion to the level point. The subjects were the setters from ARG and POL, who participated in the World Cup 2011 in Osaka. The motions of 43 trials(ARG:23trials，POL:20trials) were chosen and analyzed the combination attack and the setting movements. The three-dimensional coordination from the center of the hip joint was analyzed as the height of vertical position. The time from starting movement of setter to the level point was calculated. Then the movement of the setter was divided into three phases as follows: at the setter's starting movement, at the time of the received impact, and at the time of the setter's stepping to the level point. The three-dimensional coordination was normalized and standardized. The setters showed the action of "the split step" at the moment of the receiver's impact. The total time of motion from start to the stepping to the level point was showed as 100%. The lowest position of the vertical direction of the hip joint was produced at the time of about 10% before the received impact, and the "split jump" action was followed. From these results, it will be able to understand that, the setter should be kept in mind as the following matters:1) The best performance of the setter will be able to get from the precise watching to the movement of receivers.2) The precise watching the position of arms for example, angle, direction of movement, and position of impct the ball etc., are the mostly important for prediction of the characteristic of the movement and the position of the ball.
Key words: setting technique, normalization, standardization
Nagatani M1, Yamada K2, Takanashi Y3
1Hokusho University,Japan; 2Aichi Universitiy of Education, Japan; 3Chukyo University, Japan
Libero-rule was introduced in 1998 through the move season in 1996 years and 1997. It is conceivable that a low height player is able to take an active part as the libero player by this rule. The purpose of this study how average height is changing in each categry of the junior high school (n=408), high school (n=552), and all-Japan representative (n=880) of Japan. And, libero-rule introduction before dividing it in 3 period after 1998, 1996 and 1997, before 1995, average height is compared. After introduction of libero-rule more than before the introduction it were high, Men's junior high school representative players were high +1.55 cm (p<0.05), and Women's all-Japan representative players were hight +2.94 cm (p<0.01). Other categories were high with all, but not a significant difference. Also, as for the standard deviation of the mean value the back where introduces all except for the junior high school representative men and women, was big. Although the average height by the introduction of libero-rule is high from these, the obvious significant change was not seen. However, it is conceivable that it has a tendency to elect a low height player as libero-player.
Key words: libero-rule, volleyball, average height, change
Hirata D1.5, Sato S2, Murakami K3, Sato M1, Morii D4, Saijo O4
1Senshu University,Japan; 2Aoyama University,Japan+ 3Tokyo University of Science,Japan; 4Nippon Sport Science University,Japan; 5Graduate school of Nippon Sport Science University,Japan
Hirata et al. (2014) revealed that more than 50% of collegiate women athletes' tennis matched ended due to their errors. Forehand strokes, cross-court, return, and double-faults were often found to be the most prevalent sources of their errors. In addition, two mistakes in a row and consecutive errors were seen at the end of their game when they lost their games. As a result of interviewing collegiate women tennis players regarding their errors and information processing system, emotions and feelings were the main reasons why errors were made. However, the relationship among unforced-error, its count, and the types of shots are important to be revealed. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship among the reasons for the errors, its count, and the types of shots by using IC recorder to reveal the cause of their errors. Participants were two collegiate women tennis players (20-years-old). One had played tennis for 12 years and the other one played for 14 years. Results indicated that position, place of hitting point, and awareness of the ball caused them to make errors on their forehand. Additionally, the internal thoughts "to aim too carefully" and "I thought that I must get the ball in the court" were also revealed as psychological aspects. In backhand, the causality of errors was similar to the causality of forehand errors, and the recognition of the ball was not as accurate. Because the causality of making errors is due to many reasons, it is important for coaches to figure out the specific reason for errors.
Key words: collegiate women tennis player, error, qualitative research
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