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Program number 12-P- 1~44

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abstract 12-P-1~25

12-P-1

Coaches and Scientists Synergy ―Ideals in Japanese Forum for Winter Sport Science―

Kuniaki IIZUKA

Japanese Forum for Winter Sport Science, Japan

Japanese Forum for Winter Sport Science established in 1990 has annual meetings where the scientists invite athletes and coaches and have symposium with them. Some of the titles of the symposium and the invited athletes coaches in recent 10 years are: 26 Sep. 2004 “ Top Athletes talk about Sports Science and Support” coordinated by YUKI Masahiro at Shinshu Univ. invited four Salt Lake Olympic athletes including IMAI Hiroyuki, cross-country skier, who was in Olympic Games in 1990,1994,1998,2002.　17 Feb. 2007 “ Winter Sports Training ” coordinated by KAWAHATSU Kiyonori at Hokkaido Univ. invited MIKATA Reiich, gold medalist in nordic combined skiing at Albertville Olympics 1992, Marja Liisa Kilvesniemi, triple gold medalist in 5,10,20 km cross-country skiing in Sarajevo Olympics 1984, and MORI Satoshi, nordic combined skier in Nagano and Salt Lake Olympics, who is also a forum member. 　4 Aug, 2011 “Training Presentation for High School Ski Jumpers ” coordinated by MORI Satoshi at Tokai Univ. and YAMAMOTO Keizo at Hokusho Univ. The scientist instantly showed the force curve of the high school ski jumpers themselves and gave them ideas from the scientific viewpoint while the experienced coach gave them instructions.　15 Jul. 2012 “ A formula for the victory of Japan Nordic Combined Team in Sochi Olympic Winter Games ”coordinated by TAKEDA Masaki, invited NARIATA Shuhei, Nordic combined team director of Ski Association of Japan. The forum includes scientists with Olympic experience and coaches with scientific back ground. The ideal of coaches and scientists synergy held by Dr. WATANABE and the other forum members will be approached by AACS and APCOCS.
Key words: scientific support

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12-P-2

Coaching Management of School Sport in Japan

Seki T

Nayoro City University, Japan

The purpose of this study was to consider the evolution of coaching management of school sport in Japan. Firstly, I classified the sport systems of Japan and other countries into three types of “ school model ” , “ school and local model ” , and “local model ”. The “ school model” is for Japan and the United States, and the “school and local model” is for the U.K. The “local model” is for Germany and North European countries. Then I made it clear that school sport in Japan has a specific coaching system. In addition, I devised five periods based on the rules of games with foreign teams from the end of World War Ⅱ to the present. They are “the first period ” (1946-1960), “the second period ” (1961-1978), “the third period” (1979-2000), “the fourth period” (2001-2010), and “the fifth period”(2011-). I relatively compared these five periods with the setting of periods in the Uchiumi theory and the Nakazawa theory. Although each theory shows a quite different development after the first period (1946-1960), Nakazawa and I regard the year 1978 as a key point. The year 1978 could be considered as a big dividing point in the history of school sport. In this research, I examined the evolution of coaching management of school sport in Japan looking at the previous theories critically.
Key words: five periods school model, Uchiumi theory, Nakazawa theory,

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12-P-3

The origin of the Coaching Consider from a Martial Arts Book of Secrets：Focusing on “Ittosai Sensei Kenpousyo”

Kim H1, Watanabe K1

1Hiroshima University Collaborative Research Center Institute for Sport and Health Science

'Japanese budo association' established the budo charter, and showed the directionality of the martial arts in 1987. Through physical and mental training in the Japanese martial ways, Budo exponents seek to build their character, enhance their sense of judgement, and become disciplined individuals capable of making contributions to society at large. It show encouraging others to also strive to better themselves and diligently train their minds and bodies, while continuing to further their understanding of the technical principles of budo and allowing focus to be put on winning or losing in competition, or on technical ability alone. Above all, teachers having a responsibility to set an example as role models as coaching. This is also stressed in the philosophy of Jigoro Kano who thought out 'judo' from 'jujutsu'. He thought out philosophy of judo called the 'kanoism' from a martial arts book of secrets. In other words, the origin of the coaching in Japan is recognized as deeply staying in a martial arts book of secrets. In late years, the disgraceful affair, including violence and the harassment problem of the leader is taking place in the martial arts world, and the martial arts original coaching that there should be is asked it. Therefore in this study, the special attention was paid to “Ittosai Sensei Kenpousyo” among the early martial arts books of secrets in the early modern times, and consider from the original philosophy of coaching in the martial arts instruction, for better understanding of coaching in the modern society.
Key words: coaching, a martial arts book of secrets, “Ittosai Sensei Kenpousyo”

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12-P-4

Teaching method of Karate at physical education in junior high school.

Yamada Y, 1 , Takeda,T. 2 , Tanikawa M, 2 Sato R,3 Kondo Y 3

1Graduate School of Hokusho University, Japan; 2Hokusho University, Japan; 3Graduate School of Hokkaido University, Japan

Karate originated from Okinawa around 1890, based on Chinese martial art. In 1935 Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Karate, systematized and published the textbook of Karate. Karate is the martial art fighting by only using hands and feet. Karate techniques consist of “punch”, “kick”, “guard”. Karate is played in all over the world. In Japan martial arts, for example; Judo,Kendo,Sumo,are compulsory subject in government guidelines for teaching of physical education in 2012. However, Karate is taught at few junior high school. There are not many researches on teaching method of Karate in junior high school. The purpose of this study is to propose the teaching method of Karate at physical education in junior high school. Method is described as below ;1) Techniques and tactics of Karate are systematized referring to previous study. 2) Teaching theory is organized ; teaching goal, teaching contents, teaching materials, teaching method, assessment.
Key words : Karate, physical education, teaching method, junior high school

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12-P-5

Effectiveness of Teaching for Beginner Children in Triathlon

Moriya N

Bunka Gakuen University, Japan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the teaching program to be able to finish in triathlon safely. In order to examine the validity of the teaching program, the experiment class was conducted for 16 beginner children ( 2 hours per day, 3 days total ). Teaching program objectives was to learn minimum technique and tactics and pace control ability. Teaching program was organized to use safely the school facilities, and education content was comprised with a progressive expanse. Analysis method was evaluation of the learning situation of using video techniques and tactics, formative evaluation by students and sport competence, a measurement of triathlon time.Main findings were as follows.1)Aiming at learning technique and tactics were to learn of many learners.2)Teaching program was embraced favorably by all learners, and perceived physical competence in sport competence significantly improved (p<0.05).3)Quantity of pace change in Run part significantly decreased (p<0.05).Many learners came to be able to use technique and tactics, but there is room for the improvement in the teaching program.
Key words: teaching program, triathlon, technique and tactics, sport competence

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12-P-6

Teaching Program of Skiing for Elementary school

Takeda T 1, Kondo Y 2, Sato R,2 Yamada Y, 2

1Hokusho University, Japan; 2Graduate School of Hokkaido University, Japan; 3Graduate School of Hokusho University, Japan;

Skiing is popular sports at Snowy religion in winter. There are many elementary schools which skiing for physical education in Hokkaido. However, it is increasing such as teachers who are not good at teaching ski. They have not been enough time to spend in skiing. The purpose of this study is to propose the teaching program of skiing at physical education in elementary school. Method is described as below ;1) Techniques and tactics of skiing are systematized referring to previous study. 2) Teaching theory is organized ; teaching goal, teaching contents, teaching materials, teaching method, assessment. We made the teaching program which elementary school teachers are able to teach ski using it.
Key words :Ski, physical education, teaching Program, elementary school

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12-P-7

Research on the Coaching Performance Factors of Expert Golf Coaches

Lim Hyosung, Choi Kwan-Yong

Korea National Sport University, Korea

The purpose of this study was to understand the coaching of expert golf coaches in depth and explore its factors through qualitative study method. In doing so, I attempted to define what is needed for coaching as coaching performance instead of leadership, ability, competence, etc. To perform this study purpose, 3 golf coaches with more than 10 years coaching experience and formal coaching experience of national team or back up national team were selected as study participants and the data were collected through literature review, in depth interviewing, and participant observation. With collected data, inductive categorization was conducted and the results were drawn. The truth of data was secured through triangulation methods, checks between members, peer debriefing colleagues, and author's methodological reflection. Through these study processes, the coaching performance of expert golf coaches were found comprised of a number of factors in combination and the study results are as follows. Firstly, one of the coaching performance factors of expert golf coaches is expertise in own sport. As sub-categories of the expertise in own sport, technique, knowledge, and coaching method were drawn. Secondly, one of the coaching performance factors of expert golf coaches is coach-athlete relationship. As sub-categories of coach-athlete relationship, management, communication, trust, understanding, and support to athletes were drawn. Thirdly, one of the coaching performance factors of expert golf coaches is educational refinement. As sub-categories of the educational refinement, reflective attitude, sense of duty, and coaching philosophy were drawn. Fourthly, one of the coaching performance factors of expert golf coaches is administration and management skills. As sub-categories of the administration and management skills, external relations, and operational office management were drawn.
Key words: golf, coach, coaching performance

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12-P-8

Development of a badminton coaching program for schoolchild beginners

Kishi K１, Ushiyama Y２

１Kyoai Gakuen University, Japan（Doctoral Program, Niigata University）,２Niigata University, Japan

The purpose of this study is the development of a badminton coaching program for elementary schoolchild beginners. The author has tackled practical research on badminton beginners over a long period of time. One of these programs was a course of badminton lessons for 18 elementary schoolchild beginners was held for two months between May and July 2012. One 90 minute lesson was held per week and for a total of 9 times. This report shows results of this study and further implications. The badminton coaching program in the study is based on the result of continuous small improvements made to earlier programs. In the program study, important points to mention are the use of special net supports, adjustments made to the height of the net and only using a particular commercially available junior racket. As a result of these advances in the program, individual improvement in skill was found. However, some a point to consider for future programs also emerged. The part of the program which gets children used to the movement of racket and shuttle did not fully develop an improvement in the schoolchildren's movement. Therefore, implications of this study are to develop the program by introducing the heightening of coordination ability.
Key words: school physical education , task of movement, practical investigation

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12-P-9

A study on the evaluation methods of the skill acquirement in artistic gymnastics.

Mariko Kanaya

University of Tsukuba,Japan

Purpose of the study was to examine the methods required to appropriately evaluate an athlete's skill acquirement by focusing on training of gymnastics skills. In this study, the coach targeted on a female collegiate gymnast (Subject N) and examined one particular training aimed to improve her skill towards perfection. The objective of the skill was a “Swing backward and salto forward straddled to hang (Jäger)” on Uneven parallel bars in women's gymnastics. Despite the fact that it had been approximately five years since Subject N had acquired this particular skill and has shown less consistently in successfully completing the skill. Against this conditions, the study assessed the competency in Subject N's “Jäger” and clarified the technique components of the skill as a mode to increase stability in succeeding the skill. The study was conducted via morphological movement analysis of the “Jäger” along with an interview process. As a result of the proposed movement analysis, during one of the most important transition phases from “hang” to “rotation”, it became clear that there was a faulty point characterized by a decrease in the angle at the shoulder joint. Through an interview, there was a subjective understanding of “what should be done ” in order to fix the faulty movement while executing the skill, yet question related to “ how to actually fix the issue ”was unanswered. In summary, Subject N was somehow able to execute the release skill;　however, there was a lack of perfection in acquiring the preparatory phases that significantly impact on the success rate of the main phase.
Key words: evaluation, skill, gymnastics

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12-P-10

A study of the coaching method of “Cartwheel” in floor exercise－Based on “detour” of the generative theory of movement－

Shuto K

Joetsu University of Education, Japan

Noboru Watanabe points out “the detour” presented by Weizsäcker in a report of the hysterics paralytic can be analyzed as agenerative theory of movement. The purpose of this study is to show coaching of “Cartwheel” and to advance new coaching adopting “the detour” theory based on Watanabe's indication. The author instructed four students (sixth graders in elementary school) who cannot do Cartwheel. The author surmised that the problem would lurk in the skill level of a students' handstand. And the author raised the skill of their handstand through a new method based on the sensory similarity of movement. As a result, four students have mastered Cartwheel straightaway. In practice of Cartwheel, coaching for improving the skill is usually carried out within the range of student's capability. However, present study has revealed that Cartwheel can be attained by raising the skill of a handstand. This can be interpreted as Weizsäcker's “detour” following Watanabe's idea.One of the important findings of this research is that carrying out coaching based on the sensory similarity of movement rather than carrying out coaching based on the superficial image of target movement. The present study appears to indicate that the “ detour ” theory is effective as a method of coaching for movement. Moreover, it is important to collect cases of this kind not only for coaching of movement also for coach training.
Key words: detour, generative theory of movement, Cartwheel in floor exercise

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12-P-11

A study of the method of “detour” in coaching of the backward roll in floor exercise

Yamamoto S１, Shuto K２

１ Takada-Minamishiro High School, Japan; ２Joetsu University of Education, Japan

The purpose of this study is to reveal the importance of the “detour” (by Weizsäcker) of a generative theory of movement based on an instruction example of backward roll in floor exercise. The main phase of backward roll is “over-the-head ” movement that the body crosses over the head. The example taken up in this research is a backward roll called “crushed ” in this phase. Student A (a third grader, elementary school) of this example said, “The neck is painful”. This is a typical problem often seen in the acquisition process of backward roll. We demonstrated from the experiment to skilled student that in the process of backward roll she put muscle into the cervix so as the neck joint may not bend too much. Based on this experiment, we made a conjecture that the Student A's “crushed backward roll” resulted from not putting muscle into the cervix. We gave Student A the following instruction that they made “the Daruma-roll” to avoid touching their heads to the mat. Through this practice the Student A can master how to put muscle into the cervix. The Daruma-roll differs in shape from a backward roll. However, we thought that Student A could “the movement of fixing his cervix”. As a result, Student A could acquire “the movement of fixing his cervix” and has held that feeling of the movement, and since then he has attained the backward roll.
Key words: detour, generative theory of movement, backward roll in floor exercise

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12-P-12

Comparison of difficulty operating on Aerobic Gymnastics and Artistic Gymnastics

Uematsu U

Nihon Sports Science University,Japan

International Gymnastics Federation has held a competition since 1994 aerobics competition that is derived from the fitness, source of significant rule changes, advances in mental, technical and physical fitness of the players is remarkable in 20 years. Score is determined by the sum of the arts , execution , and difficulty is the current rule but considered no significant difference in the art point scoring method according to the scale method, that there is a significant impact on the total order of difficulty points using incremental basis as in point using the demerit point system. There are a number of the same as the level of difficulty in the floor of the men and women gymnastics, but there is a big difference in the difficulty rating in the operation with the same phase structure, training programs in each country is not clear in aerobic gymnastics. By analyzing considered difficult operation (motion passed), finds the difficulty evaluation it should be in aerobic gymnastics, this study is a stepping stone for the program production and precise practice more for junior season to learn the basic operation it is intended to make.
Key words: evaluation method , Phase structure , The point of view

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12-P-13

Relationship of Physical Fitness Factors to Brain-Derived Neutrophic Factor(BDNF) among Sports Talent in Elementary School

Jae Kyung Byeon, Hyun Yong Kim, Sun Hee Park, Jae min Yoo, Jin Seon Kim, Hyun Joung Lee, Chenyanling

Chungbuk National University, Korea

The purpose of this study was to examine the physical fitness factors of sports talent elementary school and their BDNF (brain-derived neutrophic factor)-related factors, which were growth factors for cranial nerves, in an effort to determine which physical fitness factors among upper-limb power, muscular endurance, lower-limb power, speed, agility, flexibility and cardiopulmonary endurance would be associated with the BDNF-related factors(BDNF, growth hormone, serotonin, cortisol and IGF-1). When the physical fitness factors of the two groups were analyzed, there were significant differences between the physically gifted group and the ordinary group in upper-limb power, muscular endurance, lower-limb power, speed and cardiopulmonary endurance(p<.001), and a significant intergroup difference was found in agility as well(p<.01). But there was no intergroup difference in agility. As a result of making a comparative analysis of the BDNF-related factors, the sports talent group was significantly ahead of the ordinary group in BDNF and IGF-1(p<.05). As a result of making a correlation analysis of the physical fitness factors and the BDNF-related factors, upper-limb power had a significant positive correlation to growth hormone(r=.361, p<.05) and IGF-1(r=.422, p<.01), and muscular endurance had a significant positive correlation to cortisol(r=.361, p<.05) and IGF-1(r=.423, p<.01). Lower-limb power had a significant positive correlation to BDNF(r=.313, p<.05) and IGF-1(R=446, p<.01), and agility had a significant positive correlation to IGF-1(R=.476, p<.01). Speed had a significant negative correlation to growth hormone(r=-.389, p<.01) and IGF-1(r=-.370, p<.01). In conclusion, the sports talent group excelled the ordinary group in the physical fitness factors and the BDNF-related factors, and the physical fitness factors were partially linked to the BDNF-related factors.
Key words: physical fitness factors, BDNF, sports talent, elementary school

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12-P-14

Relationship between thickness of thigh muscles and competition performances in male high school and college weightlifters

Akihara Y1, Oda T1,Hisano T1,2

1Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Japan; 2Osaka University of Health and Sport sciences, Japan

Previous works have reported that the performance of weightlifting is positively correlated to muscle volume of the thigh. But little information is available on the change in the relations between the performance and the muscle volume of the thigh from the viewpoint of cross-section study design. Thus, we aimed to investigate this change in the relation cross-sectionally with respect to weightlifters from high school to college.Male high school (n=23) and college (n=41) lifters participated in this work. Morphology and the muscle thickness(MT)｛relative to (lean body mass)1/3｝of the thigh were measured by B-mode ultrasound from 8 sites (ploximal,middle and distal) of anterior of thigh and from 4 (middle and distal) sites of posterior of thigh. The lean body mass and regio femoralis circumference of ploximal, middle and distal in collage lifters were significantly greater than those in high school lifters.Especially the difference of the circumference in distal portion was greatest. In addition, MT of only VI in college lifters was significantly greater. Correlation analysis showed that MT of VI and lateral portion of posterior thigh was only correlated with the competition performances significantly. Additional analysis of the muscle thickness ratio of RF and VI demonstrated that VI was thicker than RF in 70% subjects. These results indicate the importance to increase circumference of distal thigh, MT of VI and lateral portion of posterior thigh for improvement of competition performance in weightlifters.
Key words: ultra sound, weightlifter, muscle thickness, competition performance

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12-P-15

The influence of plyometric weight training on biomechanics of lower extremity

Shi FY, Liu Y, Jing LX, Fu WJ

Shanghai University of Sport, China

The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the changes in muscle strength and power at each joint of lower extremity, kinetics and stiffness of hip, knee, and ankle joints during counter-movement jump (CMJ) with different weights before and after plyometric weight training (PWT); (2) compare each of the joint contributions during plyometric exercises with different weights. Sixteen basketball players were recruited. They were asked to perform the PWT, i.e. 3 groups continued CMJ with the weight of 30% 1RM for 8-weeks with incremental-loads. The subjects performed plyometric exercise (3 trials of counter-movement jump) with different loads percent of 1RM weights determined by squat jump. Before and after an 8-week training program, CMJ performance of each player was also tested by using the motion analysis system (Vicon, 120Hz) and the force plate (Kistler, 1200Hz) for simultaneously collecting kinematics and kinetics data. The results indicated that an 8-week plyometric weight training program could significantly increase jump height, peak GRFv, and power output. The results also revealed that muscle strength and power of hip were dominantly developed during PWT and the enhanced kinetics (moment and stiffness) of hip turned out to be a major factor responsible for the improved jump performance.
Key words: plyometric weight training, lower extremity, strength, kinetics, stiffness

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12-P-16

The relationship between center of mass and center of pressure in the limits of stability

Toduka M1, Ibuki A1, Mani H1, Hasegawa N1, Ohashi T1, Suwahara T1, Takeda K1, Itou K1, Tsuda M1, Zhao J1, Asaka T2　

1Graduate School of Health Sciences, 2Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.

The limits of stability (LOS) are defined as the maximum displacements of the center of body mass (COM) within the base of support. However, in the most of the previous studies concerning LOS, the center of pressure (COP) has been substituted for the COM since expensive equipments are required to measure the accurate COM. In addition, the positions of the upper extremities in these reports have been non-constant. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the relationship between the COM and the COP during the maximum leaning of the upright body with varying arm positions (free or cross one's arms) in the forward-backward and sideways directions. Twelve healthy young adults (7 male, 21.5 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study. A force plate and 3D motion analysis system were used to calculate the COP and the COM, respectively. In the results of this study, the maximum displacements of COP (COPmax) were significantly longer than that of COM (COMmax) in forward and backward directions except sideways. In addition, the average displacements of COM (COMave) were significantly longer than that of COP (COPave) in all directions except forward. No significant main effect of arm position was shown in all directions. The findings of this study would improve the understandings to evaluate LOS used by the COP in the clinical area.
Key words; stability limits, postural stability, dynamic balance

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12-P-17

Difference of the relative distances from center of pressure to center of mass between the young and elderly people during One-leg standing

Mani H1, Hasegawa N1, Takeda K1, Nanbu M1, Totsuka M1, Tsuda A1, Itou K1, Oohashi T1, Suwahara T1, Zhao J1, Shih-Fen H2, Asaka T1

1Hokkaido University, Japan. 2Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging on the relative distances from the center of pressure to the center of mass (COP-COM) during an one-leg standing (OLS). Twenty-two healthy young (n=11; 21.9±1.4 years) and old (n=11; 68.1±2.2 years) males participated in this study. They were asked to stand as long and steady as possible in the non-dominant lower limb. A 3D motion analysis system and two force plates were used to calculate the COP and the COM displacements in the frontal plane. Acceleration phase (AC) and deceleration phase (DC) were defined as the duration when COP-COM distances were negative or positive respectively. The onset of steady phase (ST) was defined as the COM velocity reached zero. The duration of OLS was measured and the root mean square (RMS) of COP-COM distances (RMSAC, RMSDC, RMSST) were calculated. The average OLS duration was 19.5±8.9 sec in the elderly group, while the younger subjects were able to last over 30 sec in all trials. Compared with the younger group, the elderly group showed larger RMSDC and RMSST (p<0.05), their RMSST was also correlated with the OLS time (r = -0.75, p<0.01) and RMSDC (r = 0.76, p<0.01). It may indicate that the postural instability in the DC phase causes the instability in the ST phase, and decreases the OLS duration as a consequence. The postural control during the DC phase should be addressed specifically in OLS training for improving postural stability in older individuals.
Key words; postural control, aging, fall prevention

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12-P-18

Effect of plantar cutaneous inputs on center of pressure during quiet stance in older adults

Wang Y 1,2, Watanabe K 3, Wan FT 2

1 Tianjin Key Lab of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, China; 2Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, China; 3Institute of Sports and Health Science, Japan

We investigated the effect of plantar cutaneous inputs on the postural sway during quiet standing in the older adults. Eight healthy elderly subjects stood on a force platform during 30 s without and with mechanical facilitation of sensation from the forefoot (a small coin-shape object under the sole), and their eyes closed. 95% confidence ellipse area and mean velocity of center of pressure (COP), rambling and trembling trajectories in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions were analyzed. The ellipse area in the stimulation condition was significantly reduced as compared to the control condition. Significant decreases were also observed in the stimulation condition for the velocity of the COP in both AP and ML directions and for velocity of the TR in the AP direction. These findings indicate that mechanical facilitation of sensation on the plantar soles enhanced the balance performance of healthy older adults. The results may be directly transferable to the design of special insoles to overcome functional difficulties due to age-related sensory loss.
Key words: elderly, sole stimulation, balance, postural control

12-P-19

Development of “Step Balance Training System”: Basic Idea and Application

Kazuhiko Watanabe1, Kazuyoshi Mizusaki2, Yun Wang3

1Institute of Sport and Health Science, Janan; 2Yuge National College of Marine Technology, Japan; 3Tianjin University of Sport, China

Falling, for example, during walking is mostly risky case in older adults. “step strategy” has demonstrated as one of the most useful ways of postural control for avoidance from disturbance which leads to falling. A new model for postural control has been developed, focusing on “step balance training”. The “Step Balance Training System” has newly devised for balance training not only in older adults but also in athletes. The system and the process of the training are as follows:1)The mechanical function of “Step Balance Training System“; The shift board apparatus which able to move 200mmof distance, and the maximum speed was from 1mm/sec, up to 400mm/s. The start and the stop position of the shift board is changeable at any position which controlled by computer system. 2) The procedure of the “Step Balance Training” was as follows. The direction of the step (forward or backward, etc.) was previously suggested to the subjects at the primary stage of the training program. After the subject became well adapted, and cleared the primary stage program (shift board movement), a more difficult program (changed the speed, direction, and distance of the shift board) was given to the subject. There are some questions of the definition among the names of upright posture and postural control. For example, it is still unclear between ‘static posture’ and ‘kinetic posture’. In this study, we defined the upright posture and postural control as follows:(1) ‘Static upright posture was defined into two cases. They are the ‘Absolute Static Posture (like statue)’ and the ‘Relative Static Posture (with postural sway)’. (2)‘Kinetic postural control’ was defined into two cases as follows. They are the ‘Non Step Kinetic Control’ (ankle, knee and hip strategy against disturbance) and the ‘Step Kinetic Control’ (step strategy against disturbance). The adaptation to the shift board (horizontal stimulus) by ‘step strategy’ was well performed in the healthy older adults. In the young students, the step strategy was also well demonstrated on the shift board.
Key words: Posture, training, step, strategy, Postural control

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12-P-20

Different effects of motor learning between visual and auditory feedback exercises in dynamic postural balance

Hasegawa N1,3, Sakuma M1, Mani H1, Totsuka M1, Tsuda A1, Ito K1, Ohashi T1, Suwahara T1, Takeda K1, Zhao J1, Shih-Fen H2, Kasahara S1, Asaka T1

1Hokkaido University, Japan, 2Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan, 3Sapporo Yamanoue Hospital, Japan.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the different learning effects between visual and auditory feedback exercises in dynamic postural balance. Eighteen healthy young adults participated in this study. The subjects were randomly separated into the two groups (n = 9 in each group). The task required the subject to voluntarily swaying their body to match the displacement of the center of pressure (COP) with a visual target as possible during 30 sec of stance. Subjects would receive a feedback information in the format of visual signs (VF group) or beep sounds (AF group) when their COP shifted into a certain range of the base of support. All subjects were required to practice the tasks for 20 times within a day, and they were examined before the practice (pre-test), just after (post-test), and 48 hours later after the practice (retention). The root mean square of the distances from the COP to the target (DRMS) was calculated, and repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare the DRMS under the VF or AF condition across the test sessions. Both VF and AF groups showed significant reduction (p < 0.05 and 0.01 respectively) in DRMS at post-test. However, only the AF group could demonstrate such reduction at retention test (p < 0.01). The results indicate that using auditory feedback is superior to visual feedback in motor learning of dynamic postural exercise.
Key Words: motor learning, voluntarily swaying, training

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12-P-21

High-speed power training: a novel approach to resistance training in older adults

Heejae Kim1, Donghyun Yoon2, Wook Song3

1Health and Exercise Science laboratory, Korea; 2Institute of Sports Science, Korea; 3Seoul National University, Korea

Resistance training with strengthening components has traditionally been recommended to improve health and physical function in older adults. Muscle power (force x velocity), or the ability to produce force rapidly, has recently emerged as an important predictor of functions in older men and women and has been the current focus of many RT studies. In the present study, the physiological changes that contribute to the declines in muscle strength and power with aging will be examined. Forty subjects were enrolled into the study. High-speed resistance training group fulfilled a twelve-week program using an elastic band (Green) and was encouraged to perform home-based exercise during the intervention period. The results showed significant increase in the cognitive function, physical performance, isokinetic tests as of digit span forward test (P<.001), digit span backward test (P=.003), and Stroop test B (P=.031), SPPB score (P=.010), right knee 60° extensor peak torque (P=.004), 60° flexor peak torque (P=.001), 180° extensor peak torque (P=.020) and grip strength test (P=.025). In summary, 12 weeks of high-speed power training using elastic bend significantly improve the physical performance and muscle strength with increase of cognitive function in older adults.
Key words: resistance training, power training, muscle strength, frail elderly

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12-P-22

The Present Situation and Developing trend of city Elder People's Physical Lifestyle in China Tianjin

Yan H, Chen L, Ju ZK, Wang R,Wu JP

Tianjin University of Sport, China

Using the methodologies of fieldwork survey, questionnaire on people of four age groups, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and above 70 from Hexi District, Tianjin city, this paper tries to make in-depth and overall analysis from the outcomes of the questionnaire and conclude that most of the elderly like to participate in physical exercise, such as walking, badminton, table tennis, hand met smash, community fitness equipment, and etc. They also expressed that they had been benefited themselves from doing it in terms of job, life, body and emotional states. However, some people do not like to participate in physical exercise and the reasons of different age groups vary. In order to encourage more people to participate in physical exercise, this paper then proposes some suggestions and ideas for the development in the future contributing to the cause of local and national fitness.
Key words: Tianjin City, the elderly, physical exercise, participation

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12-P-23

Report on the sustained exercise program in the subsidized homes for older people in Japan

Kozakai R1, Niino N2, 3

1Hokusho University,Japan; 2J. F. Oberlin University, Japan; 3Shisei senior service center, Japan;

Appropriate exercises help to improve functional ability in older people with various health conditions. It has been common to recommend exercise for community-living older people. However, for older people in nursing homes it is a much less familiar practice. Also most members of staff in nursing homes have not enough knowledge and experiences of providing exercise. The purpose of the present study was to describe the process of setting up and the effectiveness of the exercise program in the subsidized homes for older people. The participants at the baseline were 50 people aged 60 years and over, who were residents of a subsidized home for the elderly in Tokyo. The intensive intervention program of exercise was conducted for 10 months in 2008-2009. The program had a regular exercise class (once a week for 45 minutes) which included stretching, rhythmic exercise and strength training. The participants were checked for physical fitness, physical activity and health conditions at the beginning and end of the program. Health conditions were also checked at the 1-year follow-up. About 7 staff such as care workers, nurses, a physician and a health fitness programmer supported the program. The care workers trained how to give exercise instructions with the health fitness programmer. After the intensive program, the regular exercise class continues to be run, mainly by the care workers. The exercise class provides an opportunity for trying exercise among older people who have difficulties living at home. The effort of the care workers to learn exercise may be one of the most important factors in sustaining the exercise program in the subsidized home.
Key words: care workers, nursing home, practice,

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12-P-24

Effects of the physical exercise program on longitudinal changes in physical fitness among the community-living older people in Hokkaido

Ueda T1 , Kozakai R1 , Honda R2 , Ogawa H3 , Ide K1 , Oda S1 , Takeda T1 , Odajima M1 , Aiuchi T4

1 School of Lifelong Sport, Hokusho University, Japan, 2 Northern Regions Lifelong Sports Research Center, Hokusho University, Japan, 3 Graduate School of Lifelong Sport, Hokusho University, Japan, 4 Nonprofit Organization Center for Social Business Promotion, Japan

Dwindling birthrate and an aging population causes declining population in rural areas and an increasing cost of social security in Japan. This phenomenon is especially serious in the northern prefecture of Hokkaido. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of physical exercise on changes in physical fitness in the community-living older people in Hokkaido. The participants were a total of 527 community-living people aged 60 years and over, who were residents in A city in Hokkaido. Physical fitness tests were conducted once a year during the period 2010-2013. Grip strength, sit and reach, one-leg standing with eyes open, 30-s chair-stand, functional reach, 10m walking time and 10m obstacle walking time were assessed. A physical exercise program which mostly included muscle training for lower-extremity function, rhythmic exercise and recreational activities was provided once a week year-round in a group setting at the city center. Whether the subjects had engaged in regular exercise, and the name and frequency of the regular exercise was checked using a questionnaire. Subjects who engaged in the physical exercise program had significantly lower decline rates in 10m walking time and 30-s chair-stand than those who did not engage in the physical exercise program. Physical exercises in our program may help to prevent decline in mobility among older people.
Key words: physical exercise, physical fitness, community-living older people,

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12-P-25

The comparison of energy expenditure and hindlimb muscle activities when using different types of footwear during exhaustive walking exercise

Wook-chul Choi, Byeong-hwan Jeon

School of Sports and Health, Kyungsung University, Korea

This study was aimed to compare the energy consumption and activity of the major muscles by analysis of Surface EMG during exhaustive walking when wearing different kinds of shoes. For this research, 10 males(20's) performed 3 types of treadmill walking exercise with running shoes(RUN), minimalist shoes (MINI), and without shoes wearing(BARE) on different experiment days. There were 2 days of interval between exercise treatments for recovery. A walking exercise program using a modified Balke protocol was implemented until volitional fatigue. Through the exercise treatment results were derived as following. 1. Energy expenditure and oxygen uptake during walking exercise were increased with exercise load and with independence to footwear type. 2. Muscle activation with minimalist shoes showed the highest level compared to the level with running shoes and barefoot during walking exercise. 3. Quadriceps femoris muscle activity during walking exercise appeared higher than other muscles of the hindlimb. The initial tibialis anterior muscle activity was lower, coupled with low muscle fatigue attributed to the gradual increase in exercise intensity before treatment termination. On the basis of these results, considering the activity and fatigue of the muscles segment recruited during exhaustive walking exercise would be more important than the effect of footwear type on the energy consumption and muscle activity.
Key words: walking exercise, energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, muscle activity, EMG

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